ARH 252 Exam 1
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74 Terms
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Paleolithic
Old Stone Age lasting from 50000 BC to 9000 BC; when primitive stone tools were used; nomadic lifestyle
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Neolithic
New Stone Age lasting from 8000 BC to 2300 BC depending on the area; when ground or polished stone tools were used; agricultural revolution when civilizations began to develop
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Mural Painting (Cave Paintings)
oldest is the Wild Pig dating back to 45000 BC
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Sculpture in the Round
3-D sculptures that were not part of a cave or rock formation
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Megaliths (Megalithic)
large stones used to create a structure or monument (stonehenge)
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Agricultural Revolution
plants and animals were domesticated and nomadic groups began to stay in one place
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Corbel Vault
a vault formed by piling stone blocks in horizontal courses, cantilevered inward until the two walls meet in an arch
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Post-and-Lintel Construction
a system of construction in which two vertical posts support a horizontal lintel
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Henge
Stonehenge in Salisbury Plain, England, ca. 2550-1600 BC
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Twisted Perspective
when a profile of an animal or human is shown while another portion of the same object is shown frontally
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Composite Creature
a figure with an animal head on a human body
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Mesopotamia/Fertile Crescent
an area that gave rise to some of the worlds first civilization; the fertile soil found near rivers allowed for farming and trade routes
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Sumer
3500-2332 BC; an handful of independent city-states
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Ziggurat
pyramidal stepped temple
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Cuneiform
Sumer’s language that started as pictographs; considered the oldest written language
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Lamassu
an Assyrian deity in the from of a winged, human-headed bull or lion; 720-705 BC
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High Relief/ Low Relief
carved deep into the material/carved shallow into the material
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Relief Sculpture
projects from a 2-D background (connected to what it was carved out of)
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Hierarchy of Scale
whoever is the largest is the most important
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Register
a horizontal level in a work that consists of several levels arranged above each other
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Votive Statues
used in rituals to appease the gods
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Ishtar Gate
one of the gateways into Babylon, Iraq, ca. 575 BC
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Stele of Hammurabi
the laws of King Hammurabi of Babylon
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Persepolis
Gate of All Nations or Gate of Xerxes at Persepolis, separated people based on their social status
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Hollow-Cast Bronze Method (Lost Wax)
an ancient method used to make sculptures that were transportable and not too heavy
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Predynastic and Early Dynastic Period
3500-2575 BC
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Old Kingdom; New Kingdom
2575-2134 BC;1550-1070 BC
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Amarna Period; First Millennium BCE
1000-30 BC
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Column
column fluting
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The sun god Ra (Ben-Ben)
a falcon headed god that ancient Egyptians worshipped; Ben-Ben is a pyramid associated with Ra who was also often depicted as a pyramid
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Great Pyramids of Giza
great pyramids were built as burial sites for Egypt’s Pharaohs
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Funerary Statue
held Ka (soul/spirit)
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Canon of Proportions
a set of ideal, mathematical relationships in art
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Hatshepsut
first female pharaoh
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Akhenaton and Nefertiti
Akhenaton abandoned the worship of the Egyptian gods in Favor of Aton; Nefertiti was his chief wife and she took over after his death before his son was old enough to lead
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Tutankhamen
the only pharaoh’s tomb we have found fully intact
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Ptolemaic dynasty
Ptolemy (one of Alexander the Great’s generals) takes over Egypt after his death and him and his descendants rule until 30 BC when the Romans take over
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Mastaba
ancient Egyptian tomb with sloping sides and a flat roof
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Imhotep
first recorded artist, and creator of the Great Pyramids
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Engaged Columns
a column that is built into a wall, serving as decoration
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Mortuary Temple and Complex
where a pharaoh would be buried and monuments to their success would be placed
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Sphinx
with the pyramid of Khafre, possibly associated with the Egyptian god Ra; there was a cult of the sphinx, but it was a secret society leaving little information behind
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Rock-Cut Tomb
a tomb cut into an existing, naturally occurring rock formation
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Ka
the life force or spirit of a person
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Pylon Temple
a monumental tower/gate of an Egyptian temple
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Hypostyle Hall
interior space where the roof rests on pillars or columns
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Clerestory
a top row of windows or openings that let in light and air right where the roof is
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Obelisk
tall rectangles topped with a pyramid, typically in pairs in front of temples; many are now in Rome
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Book of the Dead
an ancient Egyptian book made to help the dead on their journey to the afterlife
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Weighing of the Heart Ceremony
if the heart of the deceased weighed more than a feather then they would go with Amit (hell) if it weighed less then they got to go to the goof place
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Akkad
2332-2150 BC; first Mesopotamian rulers to call themselves Kings
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Babylonia; Neo-Sumerian
2150-1600 BC
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Assyria; Neo-Babylonian
900-539 BC; Assyria conquered the majority of Mesopotamia and was heavily military based
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Persia
559-330 BC
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**Human with feline head**, from **Hohlenstein-Stadel, Germany**, ca. 40,000–28,000 BCE. Mammoth ivory, **(Paleolithic)**
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**Nude woman** (*Venus of Willendorf*), from **Willendorf, Austria**, ca. 28,000–25,000 BCE. Limestone, **(Paleolithic)**
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**The Hall of the Bulls** in the cave at **Lascaux, France**, c. 16,000-14,000 BCE. **(Paleolithic)**
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**Human figure**, from **Ain Ghazal, Jordan**, ca. 6750–6250 BCE. Plaster, painted and inlaid with bitumen, **(Neolithic)**
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**Deer hunt,** detail of a wall painting from Level III, **Çatal Höyük, Turkey,** ca. 5750 BCE. **(Neolithic)**
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**Stonehenge**, **Salisbury Plain, England**, ca. 2550–1600 BCE. **(Neolithic)**
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**Statuettes of two worshipers**, from the Square Temple at **Eshnunna, Iraq**, ca. 2700 BCE. Gypsum inlaid with shell and black limestone, **(Sumerian)**
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**Peace side of the** ***Standard of Ur***, Royal Cemetery, **Ur, Iraq,** ca. 2600 BCE. Wood inlaid with shell, lapis lazuli, and red limestone set into bitumen, 7’ 7/8” x 1’ 6 1/2”. **(Sumerian)**
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**Victory stele of Naram-Sin**, from **Susa, Iran**, 2254–2218 BCE. Pink sandstone, 6’ 7” high. Louvre, Paris. **(Akkadian)**
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**Stele with law code of Hammurabi**, from **Susa, Iran**, ca. 1780 BCE. Basalt, 7’ 4” high. Louvre, Paris. **(Babylon)**
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**Ashurbanipal hunting lions**, relief from the north palace of Ashurbanipal, **Nineveh, Iraq**, ca. 645–635 bce. Gypsum, 5' 4" high. British Museum, London. **(Assyrian)**
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**Ishtar Gate, Babylon, Iraq**, ca. 575 BCE. (**Neo-Babylonian)**
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**Persians and Medes, Processional frieze** on the terrace of the apadana, **Persepolis, Iran**, ca. 521–465 BCE. Limestone, (**Persian**)
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**Palette of King Narmer*****,*** **from Hierakonpolis, Egypt,** ca. 3000–2920 BCE. Slate, (**Predynastic)**
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**Imhotep, Stepped Pyramid of Djoser, Saqqara, Egypt**, Third Dynasty, ca. 2630–2611 BCE. **(Early Dynasties)**
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**Khafre enthroned**, from **Gizeh, Egypt**, Fourth Dynasty, ca. 2520–2494 BCE. Diorite, 5’ 6” high. Egyptian Museum, Cairo. **(Old Kingdom)**
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**Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut**, **Deir el-Bahri**, **Egypt**, 18th Dynasty, ca. 1473–1458 BCE. **(New Kingdom)**
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**Akhenaton, Nefertiti, and three daughters**, **Amarna, Egypt,** 18th Dynasty, ca. 1353–1335 BCE. Limestone, 1’ 1/4” high. **(Amarna Period)**
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**Last judgment of Hu-Nefer**, **Thebes, Egypt,** 19th Dynasty, ca. 1290–1280 BCE. Painted papyrus scroll, (**New Kingdom)**
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**Temple of Horus, Edfu, Egypt**, ca. 237 – 47 BCE. **1st Millennium BCE**