Cell cloning

Division of asexually reproducing cell - Binary fission in bacteria - Mitosis or budding in yeast - Produces two genetically identical daughter cells

Gene cloning

DNA cloning that produces multiple copies of a single gene using a cloning vector

Organismal Cloning

Production of organism (s) that are genetically identical to an existing organism

Differentiated cell

A cell that has undergone changes in gene expression to become a more specific type of cell

Nuclear transplantation

Method where nucleus of a donor cell is relocated to a target cell that has had its nucleus removed; technique used to create the first cloned mammal (sheep)

Embryonic stem cells

Capable of differentiation into many types of specialized cells (pluripotent); can generate all cell types

Adult stem cells

Can differentiate into a limited number of specialised cell types

Totipotent cells

Can generate a complete new organism; can give rise to ALL parts of the embryo and adult

Pluripotent cells

Can differentiate into many, but not all parts of an organism

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells

Differentiated cells that are reprogrammed into cells the act like embryonic stem

Therapeutic cloning

Embryonic stem cells use to treat disease

Reproduction cloning

using of cloning techniques to make new individuals

Cell cycle checkpoints

Prevents cells from dividing when they lack energy or materials

Oncogene

Cancer causing gene; that arise from mutations in proto-oncogenes which lead to an increase in activity or amount of proteins regulating cell division

Proto-oncogene

Normal version of a gene that encodes for a protein that regulated cell growth and division

Tumor-Suppressor genes

Genes that encode for proteins that prevent uncontrolled cell growth through repairing damaged DNA, controlling cell adhesion, and inhibiting the cell cycle

Ras Gene

Stimulates the cell cycle; mutation: becomes an oncogene, the G-protein product will be more active and there will be increased cell division

P53 gene

Tumor-suppressor gene; inhibits the cell cycle, mutation: protein product will be less active and there will be an increase in cell division