AP Psych - Unit 2B

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54 Terms

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Memory

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

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Encoding

the process of getting information into the memory system

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Storage (memory)

refers to how you retain encoded information in memory

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Retrieval (memory)

refers to how you gain access to information stored in memory

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Recognition (memory)

a measure of memory in which a person identifies items

previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.

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Recall (memory)

a measure of memory in which a person must retrieve

information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

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Prospective memory

remembering to do things in the future

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Relearning (memory)

memory demonstrated by time saved when learning material a second time

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Sensory memory

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

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central executive

a memory component that coordinates the

activities of the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad.

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Phonological loop:

the part of working memory that holds and processes verbal and auditory information

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Visuospatial sketchpad

A component of working memory where we create mental images to remember visual information

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Short-term memory

briefly activated memory of a few items that is later stored or

forgotten

ex: Phone Number Digits

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Long-term memory

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

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Working memory

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

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automatic processing

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings

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long-term potentiation

an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

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effortful processing

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

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explicit memory

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"

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implicit memory

retention independent of conscious recollection

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iconic memory

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second (type of sensory memory)

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echoic memory

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

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chunking

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

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mnemonics

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

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spacing effect

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

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testing effect (retrieval practice effect/test-enhanced learning)

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information

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shallow processing

encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words

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deep processing

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention

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semantic memory

explicit memories of facts and general knowledge

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episodic memory

explicit memories of personally experiened events

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memory consolidation

the gradual, physical process of converting new long-term memories to stable, enduring memory codes

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hippocampus (memory)

A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage.

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infantile amnesia

the inability to retrieve memories from much before 3-4 years old

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procedural memory

the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or "knowing how" to do things

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Cerebellum & Basal Ganglia (memory)

Formation of implicit memories

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Flashbulb memory

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event, linked to amygdala

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context dependent memory

The theory that information learned in a particular situation or place is better remembered when in that same situation or place. (same environment)

ex: scuba divers that learned info underwater performed better underwater

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mood-congruent memory

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood (same emotions)

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state-dependent memory

The theory that information learned in a particular state of mind (e.g., depressed, happy, somber) is more easily recalled when in that same state of mind. (same drug)

ex: if you hide something while drunk you'll struggle to find it sober, but when you get drunk again you more easily know its location

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serial position effect

our tendency to recall best the last items in a list initially (recenecy effect), and the first items in a list after a delay (primacy effect)

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recency effect

tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well

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primacy effect

tendency to remember information at the beginning of a body of information better than the middle effects

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anterograde amnesia

an inability to form new memories

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retrograde amnesia

an inability to retrieve information from one's past

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encoding failure

failure to process information into memory

ex: Purposefully not encoding that the back of the one dollar bill has the word ONE

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forgetting curve

Forgetting occurs rapid at first and then tapers off

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Retrieval cues

Stimuli that are used to bring a memory to consciousness or into behavior

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tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

the temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by a feeling that it's just out of reach

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proactive interference

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information (old information interferes with new information)

ex: Learning Spanish, after learning French previously

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retroactive interference

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information (new information interferes with old information)

ex: After studying for tomorrow's 2nd exam, the AP Psych exam, this new material may interfere with your old study session of APUSH

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constructive memory

memory that utilizes knowledge and expectations to fill in the missing details in retrieved memory traces

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misinformation effect

incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event

ex: did you see the red car SMASH into the black car?

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source amnesia

faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined

ex: I swear Joe told me! (it was gerald)

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imagination inflation

a memory phenomenon in which vividly imagining an event markedly increases confidence that the event actually occurred

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