Rhetoric

the art that humans use to process all the messages we send and recieve

pathos

appeals to emotion, values, desires, hopes

ethos

focus on speaker (ex: qualification)

logos

states the facts, and how there related

rhetorical triangle

speaker, reader, writer

SPACECAT

S: speaker, P: purpose, A: audience, C: context, E: exigence, C: choices, A: appeal, T: tone

why use SPACECAT?

helps readers analyze nonfiction texts

How to analyze text looking specifically at style?

tone, sentence structure, vocabulary

diction

choice of words

syntax

arrangement of words

red hearing

are asked a question, but lead off of it

ad hominen

directed at the character of a person, rather than at the claims

erroneous appeal to authority

get readers to agree with your by impressing them with a famous name

irrelevant emotional appeal

rely on pathos, focus on appealing to reader’s emotion

slippery tone

arguer claims that a sore of chain reaction, usually ending in some dire consequence

false causality

reduce the opposition for only two choices

fallacy of the general rule

like stereotyping, accepts a general rule and apply it to the rest of a group.

false analogy

inaccurate or inconsequential comparisons between objects or concepts

hasty generalization

an inference drawn from insufficient evidence, form stereotypes

begging the question

made on the grounds, that cannot be accepted as true because those grounds are in doubt.

scare tactics

appeal to fear in place of logic

post HOC

assuming one thing caused another simply because it happened prior to the other

rhetorical modes

narration, description, process analysis, exemplification, comparison & contrast, classification & division, definition, cause & effect

process analysis

explains how something works, how to do something, or how something was done

exemplification

providing a series of examples facts, specific cases, turning general idea into a concrete one

TPFASTT

T: __title__ (**write prediction**),

P: __paraphrase__ (**looks up words you don’t know**)

F: __figurative language__ ( **identify & write effect it has**)

A: __attitude__ (**write tone**)

S: __shift__ (**identify it**)

T: __theme__ (**purpose & abstract idea)**

T: __title__ (**what does it mean now?**)

transcendentalism

an idealistic philosophical and social movement (can promote intuitive, spiritual thinking instead of scientific thinking based on material things)

conditional sentences

expresses wishes

imperative sentences

makes command

rhetorical slanters

labeling, ridicule/sarcasm, rhetorical opinion, innuendo, rhetorical analogy, truth surrogates, downplayers, rhetorical definition

labeling (euphemisms & dysphemism’s)

**euphemisms**: words chosen in order to not offend an audience

**dysphemism’s**: words used to offend

rhetorical opinion

stating an opinion like it’s fact

innuendo

implying a meaning without directly saying it

rhetorical analogy

the use of comparative language to create a positive or negative image of the subject

truth surrogate

the implication that there is evidence without actually providing that evidence

downplayers

using qualifier words to build discredibility

rhetorical definition

manipulating a definition to appeal emotionally to the reader and better support your argument.

Allegory

The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning.

Alliteration

the repetition of sounds

**Anecdote**

a quick story about something of interest, usually with a singular theme or lesson.

**Antecedent**

The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun

**Antithesis**

A contrast in language to bring out a contrast in ideas.

**Colloquialism**

informal or conversational choice of language

**Trope**

a __figurative__ or __metaphorical__ use of a word or expression

**Juxtaposition**

comparing two things

**Periodic Sentence**

the main clause is withheld till the end

cumulative sentence

expresses the main idea/thought near the start

**Personification**

applies human attributes to a non-human entity or inanimate object to express a point or idea in a more colorful, imaginative way

**Hyperbole**

a figure of speech that uses extreme exaggeration to make a point or show emphasis

**Connotation**  

its suggested or emotional meaning, as compared to its literal meaning.

\n **Denotation** 

the __literal__ or primary meaning of a word, in contrast to the feelings or ideas that the word suggests.

**Euphemism**

a mild or indirect word or expression __substituted__ for one considered to be too harsh or __blunt__ when referring to something __unpleasant__ or embarrassing.

**Ellipsis**

the __omission__ from speech or writing of a word or words that are __superfluous__ or able to be understood from __contextual__ clues.

**Active Voice**

doer→ action→ receiver

passive voice

receiver → action\]

dramatic irony

when the audience knows more than the character

**Prodigious** 

unnatural or abnormal